| Economy of Côte d'Ivoire | |
|---|---|
Modern office building in Abidjan |
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| Currency | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
| Fixed exchange rates | 655.957 CFA francs per euro |
| Fiscal year | Calendar year |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | $35.86 billion PPP (2009 est.) |
| GDP growth | 3.8% (2009 est.) |
| GDP per capita | $1,700 (2009 est.) |
| GDP by sector | agriculture: 28.2%; industry: 21.3%; services: 50.6% (2009 est.) |
| Inflation (CPI) | 1% (2009 est.) |
| Population below poverty line |
42% (2006 est.) |
| Gini index | 44.6 (2002) |
| Labour force | 7.44 million (2009 est.) |
| Labour force by occupation |
agriculture: 68%; industry and services: NA (2007 est.) |
| Unemployment | NA%; note: unemployment may have climbed to 40-50% as a result of the civil war |
| Main industries | foodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining, truck and bus assembly, textiles, fertilizer, building materials, electricity, ship construction and repair |
| Ease of Doing Business Rank | 167th[1] |
| External | |
| Exports | $8.749 billion (2009 est.) |
| Export goods | cocoa, coffee, timber, petroleum, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, fish |
| Main export partners | Netherlands 13.92%, France 10.75%, US 7.79%, Germany 7.2%, Nigeria 6.99%, Ghana 5.56% (2009) |
| Imports | $6.475 billion (2009 est.) |
| Import goods | fuel, capital equipment, foodstuffs |
| Main import partners | Nigeria 20.75%, France 14.19%, China 7.18%, Thailand 5.09% (2009) |
| Gross external debt | $12.08 billion (31 December 2009 est.) |
| Public finances | |
| Public debt | 61.9% of GDP (2009 est.) |
| Revenues | $4.659 billion (2009 est.) |
| Expenses | $5.03 billion (2009 est.) |
| Economic aid | recipient: ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.) |
| Foreign reserves | $3.267 billion (31 December 2009 est.) |
| Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars |
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The Ivorian economy is largely market based and depends heavily on the agricultural sector. Almost 70% of the Ivorian people are engaged in some form of agricultural activity. Côte d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm oil. Consequently, the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for these products and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify the economy, it is still largely dependent on agriculture and related activities.
GDP per capita grew 82% in the 1960s, reaching a peak growth of 360% in the 1970s. But this proved unsustainable and it shrank by 28% in the 1980s and a further 22% in the 1990s. This coupled with high population growth resulted in a steady fall in living standards. Gross national product per capita, now rising again, was about US$ $727 in 1996. (It was substantially higher two decades ago.) After several years of lagging performance, the Ivorian economy began a comeback in 1994, due to the devaluation of the CFA franc and improved prices for cocoa and coffee, growth in non-traditional primary exports such as pineapples and rubber, limited trade and banking liberalization, offshore oil and gas discoveries, and generous external financing and debt rescheduling by multilateral lenders and France. The 50% devaluation of franc zone currencies on 12 January 1994 caused a one-time jump in the inflation rate to 26% in 1994, but the rate fell sharply in 1996-1999. Moreover, government adherence to donor-mandated reforms led to a jump in growth to 5% annually in 1996-99. A majority of the population remains dependent on smallholder cash crop production. Principal exports are cocoa, coffee, and tropical woods. Principal U.S. exports to Côte d'Ivoire are rice and wheat, plastic materials and resins, Kraft paper, agricultural chemicals, telecommunications, and oil and gas equipment. Principal U.S. imports are cocoa and cocoa products, petroleum, rubber, and coffee.
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By developing country standards, Côte d'Ivoire has an outstanding infrastructure. There is a network of more than 8,000 miles (13,000 km) of paved roads; modern telecommunications services, including a public data communications network; cellular phones and Internet access; two active ports, one of which, Abidjan, is the most European in West Africa; rail links-in the process of being upgraded-both within the country and to Burkina Faso; regular air service within the region and to and from Europe; and real estate developments for commercial, industrial, retail, and residential use. Côte d'Ivoire's location and connections to neighboring countries makes it a preferred platform from which Europeans conduct West African business operations. The city of Abidjan is one of the most modern and liveable cities in the region for wealthy French expatriates. Its school system is highly regarded and includes an excellent international school based on a U.S. curriculum and several excellent French-based schools.
Côte d'Ivoire has stepped up public investment programs after the stagnation of the pre-devaluation era. The government's public investment plan accords priority to investment in human capital, but it also will provide for significant spending on economic infrastructure needed to sustain growth. Continued infrastructure development is also expected to occur because of private sector activity.
In the new environment of government disengagement from productive activities and in the wake of recent privatizations, anticipated investments in the petroleum, electricity, water, and telecommunications sectors, and in part of the transport sector, will be financed without any direct government intervention.
Mean wages were $1.05 per manhour in 2009.
Much of the country lies within tsetse-infested areas, and cattle are therefore concentrated in the more northerly districts. In 2004 there were an estimated 1,460,000 head of cattle (compared with 383,000 in 1968), 1,192,000 goats, 1,523,000 sheep, and 342,700 hogs. There are 33 million chickens; 31,214 tons of eggs were produced in 2004. Milk production is small and there are no processing facilities so the milk is consumed fresh; production in 2004 was 25,912 tons.
In 2004, meat productions included (in tons): beef, 52,200; poultry, 69,300; pork, 11,760; and sheep and goat, 9,429. Nomadic production accounts for around half of cattle herds and is mainly undertaken by non-Ivoirian herders. Settled herders are concentrated in the dry north, mainly in Korhogo, Ferkessedougon, Bouna, Boundali, Odienne, and Dabakala. Sheep and goat rearing is a secondary activity for many herders. Pork production is periodically affected by African swine fever; potential increases are limited by the fact that Muslims account for 40 percent of the population.
In 1964 a modern fishing wharf was opened at Abidjan, which is Africa’s largest tuna fishing port, handling about 100,000 tons of tuna each year. There are fish hatcheries in Bouaké, Bamoro, and Korhogo. Commercial fishing for tuna is carried on in the Gulf of Guinea; sardines are also caught in quantity. The total catch was 71,841 tons in 2004, with commercial fishing accounting for 25 percent; artisanal fishing, 74 percent; and aquaculture, 1 percent.
There are three types of forest in Côte d'Ivoire: rain forest, deciduous forest, and the secondary forest of the savanna region. Total forest area in 2000 was 7,117,000 hectares; the natural rain forest constitutes the main forest area, as only 184,000 hectares (455,000 acres) are planted forests. In 1983, the government acknowledged that the nation’s forest area, which totalled approximately 16 million hectares at independence in 1960, had dwindled to about 4 million hectares. However, the deforestation rate still averaged 3.1 percent during 1990–2000. The lingering political instability since the outbreak of hostilities in 2002 has contributed to illegal logging and increased deforestation.
The forested area is divided into two zones, the Permanent Domain (PD) and the Rural Domain (RD). The PD consists of classified forests, national parks, and forest areas. This includes major forested areas made up of 231 classified forest areas, 9 national parks and 3 forest reserves, 7 semi-classified forests, and 51 unclassified forests. The total area of the national parks and reserves is 1,959,203 hectares. Forest exploitation activities are prohibited in the classified forest areas, which cover an estimated 4,196,000 hectares. However, for maintenance purposes, limited logging is permitted occasionally in classified forests, which amounted to 148,271 cu m in 2003. These forests are spread throughout the country in three zones: 31.8 percent in the humid dense forest in the south, 30.5 percent in the semi-deciduous forests of central Côte d'Ivoire, and 33.7 percent in the savannah forests in the north. The RD, where logging is permitted, covers 66 percent of the total land area of Côte d'Ivoire. However, the effective area for forestry production is estimated at 2.9 million hectares.
In 2003, forest products accounted for $269 million in export value, providing the third most important source of foreign revenue after cocoa and petroleum products. The major export markets were Italy, Spain, Germany, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, India, Ireland, Senegal, and Morocco. The total 2003 roundwood harvest was 11,615,000 cu m. Tropical hardwood production primarily consists of logs, 70 percent; lumber, 20 percent; and veneer and plywood, 10 percent. At one time, mahogany was the only wood exploited, but now more than 25 different types of wood are utilized commercially. The major species planted are teak, frake, framire, pine, samba, cedar, gmelina, niangon, and bete. The increasing scarcity of forest resources is adversely impacting value-added industries, leaving lumber and veneer production in a steady state of decline.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a key role in the Ivorian economy, accounting for between 40% and 45% of total capital in Ivorian firms. France is overwhelmingly the most important foreign investor. In recent years, French investment has accounted for about one-quarter of the total capital in Ivorian enterprises, and between 55% and 60% of the total stock of foreign investment capital.
The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Côte d'Ivoire was $2,327 million in 2005 by the World Bank.[1]
GDP (purchasing power parity): $28.52 billion (2005 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $16.57 billion (2005 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1% (2005 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,600 (2005 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 27.7% industry: 16.7% services: 55.6% (2005 est.)
Labor force: 6.95 million (68% agricultural) (2005 est.)
Unemployment rate: 13% in urban areas (1998)
Population below poverty line: 37% (1995)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 28.8% (1995)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 45.2 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (2005 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): 8.7% of GDP (2005 est.)
Budget: revenues: $2.434 billion expenditures: $2.83 billion; including capital expenditures of $420 million (2005 est.)
Public debt: 70.4% of GDP (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products: coffee, cocoa beans, bananas, palm kernels, corn, rice, manioc (tapioca), sweet potatoes, sugar, cotton, rubber; timber
Industries: foodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining, truck and bus assembly, textiles, fertilizer, building materials, electricity, ship construction and repair
Industrial production growth rate: 15% (1998 est.)
Electricity - production: 5.127 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - consumption: 3.418 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - exports: 1.35 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2003)
Oil - production: 32,900 bbl/d (5,230 m3/d) (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption: 20,000 bbl/d (3,200 m3/d) (2003 est.)
Oil - exports: NA bbl/d
Oil - imports: NA bbl/d
Oil - proved reserves: 220,000,000 bbl (35,000,000 m3) (2005 est.)
Natural gas - production: 1.3 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 1.3 billion cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 29.73 billion cu m (2005)
Current account balance: $-289 million (2005 est.)
Exports: $6.49 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Exports - commodities: cocoa, coffee, timber, petroleum, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, fish
Exports - partners: France 23.7%, Netherlands 10.8%, US 10.2%, Nigeria 7.5%, Italy 4.8% (2004)
Imports: $4.759 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Imports - commodities: fuel, capital equipment, foodstuffs
Imports - partners: France 32.7%, Nigeria 20.3%, Thailand 2.8% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $1.95 billion (2005 est.)
Debt - external: $13.26 billion (2005 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)
Currency (code): Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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